How Acupuncture Works: Perspectives from Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine — Plus, How It Differs from Dry Needling

Acupuncture has been practiced for thousands of years, but in recent decades it’s become increasingly popular around the world. If you’ve ever wondered how sticking tiny needles into the body can promote healing, you’re not alone. I get asked this question all the time. In this blog I’m going to try and break down how acupuncture works from both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western biomedical perspectives and clarify how it compares to a similar-sounding technique called deep dry needling.

The Chinese Medicine Perspective: Balancing Qi and Meridians

In traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture is based on the concept of Qi (pronounced “chee”), which is believed to be the vital life force or energy that flows through the body. Qi travels along pathways called meridians, which connect organs and systems, creating a complex network that keeps us healthy.

When Qi flows freely, the body is in balance and functions optimally. But if the flow is blocked or out of balance due to stress, injury, or lifestyle factors, it can lead to illness or pain.

Acupuncturists insert thin needles into specific points along these meridians to stimulate and restore the smooth flow of Qi, aiming to harmonize the body’s systems. They may also incorporate other techniques, such as moxibustion (warming the points), cupping, or herbal remedies, to support the treatment.

Acupuncture for neck pain

The Western Medicine Perspective: Neuromodulation and Pain Relief

Modern scientific research approaches acupuncture differently. While “Qi” and meridians can’t be directly observed under a microscope, studies suggest that acupuncture affects the nervous system in measurable ways.

Some of the key biomedical explanations for how acupuncture works include:

• Stimulating nerve fibres - The needles activate sensory nerves under the skin and in muscles, sending signals to the spinal cord and brain.

• Releasing endorphins and neurotransmitters - These natural chemicals help reduce pain and promote a sense of well-being.

• Improving blood flow - Needling can increase circulation in the area, which may help with healing and reduce inflammation.

• Modulating the brain’s pain perception - Imaging studies show that acupuncture can affect areas of the brain involved in processing pain and emotions.

So, from a Western point of view, acupuncture helps the body regulate itself by tapping into its own pain-relieving and healing mechanisms.

Acupuncture vs. Deep Dry Needling: Similar Tools, Different Goals

People often confuse acupuncture with deep dry needling (DDN) and it’s easy to see why. Both involve inserting fine needles into the skin and muscles, but their theory, training, and goals differ.

Deep Dry Needling:

• Primarily used by physical therapists and sports therapists.

• Based on Western anatomy and physiology, not meridians or Qi.

• Targets myofascial trigger points which in simple terms are tight, knotted areas in muscles that can cause referred pain.

• The goal is to release muscle tension, restore range of motion, and reduce local pain.

• It’s usually more aggressive: the needle is moved in and out of the trigger point to create a local twitch response.

Acupuncture:

• Rooted in traditional Chinese medicine concepts of Qi and meridians.

• Points are chosen based on TCM diagnosis and not just local muscle tightness.

• The approach can be more holistic, addressing not only pain but also internal imbalances (e.g., digestion, sleep, stress).

• Needles may be retained for 15–30 minutes with minimal manipulation.

Similarities: Both use the same type of thin, sterile needles and may relieve muscle pain or tension. But the underlying rationale and technique differ significantly.

Final Thoughts

Whether you lean toward ancient wisdom or modern science, acupuncture has earned its place as a respected complementary therapy for pain, stress, and a range of health conditions. And while deep dry needling might look similar, it’s important to understand its distinct purpose in treating musculoskeletal issues.

If you’re considering trying either approach, make sure you choose a qualified, licensed practitioner. If you're looking for acupuncture in East Lothian, please get in touch via whatsapp or email.